The wider events of he Crucible Essay Example for Free

The wider events of he Crucible Essay Furthermore, Johns power within the town (and his rebellious attitude) could be likened to that of extra salt in a pot, spicing up the broth; moreover, this line foreshadows Johns impact on the trials later on in the play: his confession to lechery, admittance that he saw the boots of Lucifer and accusation that the court is pulling Heaven down and raising up a whore These actions undermined the authority of the court and so greatly influence Salem; the theme of trial is also prevalent in The Crucible and the actions John Proctor takes in standing up to the court loosely reflect Arthur Millers denouncement of the House of Representatives Committee on Un-American Activities . In reference to the title of the play, John Proctor putting more salt into the stew is analogous to his actions stirring up the situation in Salem, which can be likened to that of a crucible- a melting pot used to remove impurities from precious metals. Additionally, Johns relationship with Elizabeth is symbolic of the towns puritan culture; it is very mundane and based upon stringent Christian morals. The act of John adding salt to a brand broth indicates his need for a more exciting and zestful relationship- which John finds in Abigail Williams. Elizabeth Proctor is the victim of the sins perpetrated by John and Abigail, and though she is a pious and devout Christian wife she is not wholly innocent and is partially to blame for the deterioration of her marriage. One of the themes throughout John and Elizabeths marriage is that Elizabeth is very cold towards John and that it is this sternness which drives John to Abigail; Miller uses the pragmatics of words to convey this feeling, with phrases such as You ought to bring some flowers into the house and It is winter in here yet Miller demonstrates that John feels that Elizabeth has been cold to him and wants to tell her this- yet cannot, because he doesnt want to anger her (I mean to please you, Elizabeth); he also uses this dialogue to indicate the general atmosphere of Salem as a whole, full of deceit and small talk to mask over the insecurities and sins beneath. John desperately craves forgiveness from Elizabeth and she must absolve him, (because divorce was unthinkable in a deeply religious town such as Salem) but she finds it hard to forgive him because he has committed Adultery, one of the ten commandments and therefore highly important to a devout Christian, and because he has further de nted her self-esteem I counted myself so plain, so poorly made, no honest love could come to me! by sleeping with another woman. John, however, is not the cause of Elizabeths low self-worth- the repressive nature of Salem is. In Salem, women arent allowed to express themselves, which leads to two extremes: one extreme is the kind of wild exhibitionism expressed by Abigail, Tituba (and various others) at the beginning of the play; or the other extreme of self-repression and not letting your true feelings be known, like Elizabeth. Without the ability to experience the things teenagers go through during pubity, Elizabeth is led to believe that no man finds her attractive and doesnt know how to trust them. Ergo, when John has an affair Elizabeth doesnt know how to forgive him and so Miller uses language to make their relationship seem like a trial, with phrases such as Oh, Elizabeth, your justice would freeze beer! (Use of imagery) The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you (Use of metaphor) and You will not judge me more, Elizabeth. In Act 2, when the accusations are just beginning, and have not affected the Proctors, John and Elizabeth feel no passion in their marriage and are struggling to make it work- but as the hysteria escalates, the adversity draws them closer together and rekindles their love. This rejuvenation is foreshadowed by talk of spring in Act 2, and also hints at Elizabeths pregnancy, well see green fields soon. Massachusetts is a beauty in the spring; the reason Miller includes these phrases in the dialogue between John and Elizabeth is to show that John wants a fresh start and is also literally looking forward to the spring time, as well as to provide clues for the audience as to what will happen later in the play. In Act 3, both John and Elizabeth show great courage and both do it to try and do what is best for each other- John confesses to lechery in a bid to discredit Abigails accusations and save his wifes life, even though doing do will ruin his good name and lead to a bad reputation in Salem; Elizabeth lies about Johns infidelity in an act of loyalty to her husband because she wants to protect his good name, even though she is a pious woman and by lying she is committing a grave sin, God damns all liars this shows Elizabeth values her husband more than her God. This scene is ironic because though both John and Elizabeth show great courage and loyalty, they damn themselves because John says that Elizabeth never lied and cannot lie, but she goes on to lie in an act of loyalty- even though telling the truth would have saved him from hanging. Reverend Hale sees that it is a natural lie to tell and that Elizabeth was just showing loyalty to her husband, but Danforth is too bigoted to see this, and is only interested in finding people guilty of witchcraft so he can exert his power. Miller clearly based Danforths character on Senator Joseph McCarthy to show that he sees McCarthy as a bigoted, power-hungry tyrant who is only interested in looking powerful and eliminating people who threaten his position. By Act 4, John and Elizabeth have become united through their ordeal and this is signified in their language, which is far more emotive, John says You are a marvel- Elizabeth, which shows that John is again madly in love with Elizabeth and wants to express how much he cares for her. The progression of their relationship is echoed by the development in the wider events of the story: Reverend Hale has denounced the court and is trying to save [Johns] life because damnations doubled n a minister who counsels men to lie; the people of Salem have started to rebel against the court you wander yet if rebellions spoke? Better you should marvel how they do not burn your province! and they have put a dagger in Parris door. It seems like Salem is being purified, much like gold in a crucible, and all the deceit and pretence is being washed away. Additionally, as the witch trials come to their conclusion, the trial within the Proctors marriage also comes to its resolution and this is the salvation John Proctor is searching for. Miller demonstrates this purification in Johns mind using stage directions, Elizabeth says I cannot judge you, John, there is a pause, and John says What would you have me do with the stage direction simply, a pure question; the word pure here indicates that John feels like he is close to redemption and this is confirmed when he says I would have your forgiveness, Elizabeth. Miller chose to make he dialogue which follows strikingly emotionally charged, because it is when John is finally given forgiveness, there are emotive stage directions such as he stands, as though with physical pain she is on the verge of tears and now pouring out her heart. There are many references back to the earlier themes in the play, of coldness and of trials; Elizabeth admits her faults suspicion kissed you when I did it were a cold house I kept!, gives John the forgiveness he craves, whilst referencing the idea of their relationship as a trial But let none be your judge I cannot judge you John, I cannot! I am not your judge, I cannot be (as though giving him release. ) and even asks for Johns forgiveness herself, forgive me, forgive me, John- I never knew such goodness in the world. The contrast in speech between act 2 and act 4 is staggering, whereas in act 2 John and Elizabeth exchanged pleasantries which cloaked their real feelings of uneasiness between each other, in act 4 they pour their hearts out and shower one another with compliments- it is a very beautiful passage made all the more precious by John Proctors impending death. Galvanised by his redemption and love for Elizabeth, John realises that the only way for him to truly forgive himself and appease the magistrate that resides within his own heart is to accept his hanging and make sure his name is not blighted by the cowardice of a false confession, How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. Not enough to weave a banner with, but white enough to keep it from such dogs. The bravery John shows here is only possible because of the purification of his marriage and that his death would help cleanse the deceit and repression of Salem. The Proctors final act as man and wife is to share a kiss with great passion, exactly what was missing in their marriage after Johns affair with Abigail. Elizabeth speaks the final line of The Crucible and gives the audience closure on the literal witch trials of Salem, and her own personal trial within her marriage, and gives both herself and John the resolution they both desperately sought, He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him. In conclusion, The Crucible is an exceptionally nuanced play with myriad deep-rooted themes which can only be truly appreciated by absorbing every subtle word which Miller provides us with, and engaging with the pragmatics conveyed by either the actors reciting the play, or conjured by your own brain whilst reading. The Crucible works very well as an allegory for McCarthyism in America, beautifully juxtaposes the Seven Deadly Sins against the Ten Commandments and develops the story in parallel with the relationship of John and Elizabeth Proctor, whilst evoking a real sense of the social, historical and cultural climate of 17th Century Massachusetts. Above all, The Crucible is a fascinating and emotional play which was a pleasure to read and analyse. Kyle Sawhney Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Gender Emergence in England’s History Essay -- European History

Gender Emergence in England’s History "Historicizing Patriarchy: The Emergence of Gender Difference in England, 1660-1760" by Michael McKeon is a powerful and original hypothesis as to "how and why the modern system of gender difference was established during the English Restoration and eighteenth century" (295). McKeon, a professor of English literature at Rutgers University is also the author of several essays, including "Politics and Poetry in Restoration England" and "Origins of the English Novel." McKeon uses the term 'patriarchalism' because it attaches itself to a "traditional regime" which will in later centuries be replaced by the "modern conception of gender" (296). This term is mainly identified with as traditional because it is not normally questioned nor objected to; people interpret it as the natural order of things. McKeon's patriarchal system is founded on the belief that there was a "hierarchical notion of authority" which existed not only in Britain's government, but in the family as well. The oldest male figure of the household was most often looked upon as the leader; he simultaneously played the roles of father, husband, and ruler of the house. His word was absolute law for the family. As with most issues, there are two sides. Parliamentarian Henry Parker and feminist Mary Astell disagreed on many issues, including whether the family and state were both founded on the concept of absolute power. However, they both agree on the "continued plausibility of the analogy between family and state" (297). So, although many critics do not feel comfortable with absolute power being the ruling force of family and state, they do agree that there is a direct correlation between them. Debates continued until arou... ...es embraced it sooner than others. The ideology and rationale are there, yet this change has many exceptions and abstractions which will not allow historians to fully confirm their thesis. There are many overlapping levels of experience, class, and gender that encompass a broad sexual, political, economic, cultural, and intellectual range. A good metaphor that McKeon uses throughout the essay to compare gender to a web from which other lifestyles stem. McKeon cleverly sums up his argument by stating that "it is therefore a determinant regime in that it establishes the outer limits of our experience, and it is under the aegis of difference that we formulate our efforts to go beyond it" (316). Works Cited McKeon, Michael. "Historicizing Patriarchy: The Emergence of Gender Difference in England, 1660-1760." Eighteenth-Century Studies vol. 28, no. 3, 1995: 295-322.

Process Medicare Essay

To start off this paper will discuss the process of a policy in Medicaid and how it becomes a policy. Medicaid Policies are always being reviewed and analyzed in order to help improve the American health care system. Each policy does and has the ability to affect us on a daily basis, so when policies are being put up for consideration we all have to be very careful when trying to change or implement a new or old policy. It is very important to have all involved understand the process of how a topic of a policy eventually does become a policy. This paper will explain all the stages that a policy goes thorough in order to become a policy, there are three stages; formulation stage, legislative stage, and lastly the implementation stage. There will be information given on all of these three stages and there process. The Formulation Stage First thing in the formulation stage any health research policy should be formulated then conform to an overall national development plan in order to become a policy. There are different stages with in the formulation stage that a policy has to go through in order to move on to the next stage. Frist is the organizing the policy development process, then defining the issues, setting goals and objectives, setting the priorities, drafting options, apprising the options, circulating for staff review and then revising the policy. Next there is the obtaining of the endorsement of the policy. Once it is endorsed and approved it can move on to the next stage of the policy process. Policy formulation is an iterative process that involves almost components of the cycle of planning for a policy. The main individuals that should be involved in the formulation stage of the policy process are the health/medical research counsels, they have are in collaboration with the ministry of health, ministry of science and technology, and a university consortium may be needed for a focal group. If a focal group is used then ideally they should be located in an area that has the influences politically and that are administratively strong. Also there should be a department nearby that is logistically capable of managing the process, and a department that had the ability to take the end policy results and be able to appropriately implement it. With all these aspects of the formulation stage there should be no issues in getting the policy process to the next stage and off the ground and running. (Teaching and Learning Materials 1997) Medicaid Legislative Stage In the legislative stage the process of getting a policy or in politics they call it a law and there is a federal process that it goes through, there are several steps to this federal process. When a policy or law makes it to the legislative part of the process the policy or law is numbered then the Human Resources signifies to the House bill and the Senate bill then it gets referred to a committee then printed by the government printing office. This is the first step in the legislative process Referral to Committee then it is brought to the next step called Committee Action when the policy reaches this point it is then put on a calendar, then it is processed and introduced. It is then investigated for the need of new legislation and the committee then oversees the Executive Branch but only with the committee’s areas of jurisdiction. When the policy is here committees and subcommittees are the people that make the decisions about and what content and language the policy will contain. After the committee investigated there is a publication of a written report this report explains the impact the policy will have on any existing policies or laws, then the policy goes into the next step called scheduling floor action. In this part of the process the policy is then reported back to the chamber where it first came from and placed on a calendar, and then the speaker and majority leader determine what when the order of the polices will be heard and discussed. Once it gets heard then it is up for debate on whether it should pass or be thrown out, this is the next step in the legislative process. Once it is discussed and determined that is too move on then the policy is put up for a vote this is a really simple process majority wins and the policy if passed will be then referred to other chambers. This chamber may then approve, at it is or they can revise, reject, or not take action at all on the policy. If approved it goes on to the what is called the final floor action this is when both the senate and the house have to accept and sign the policy then it is taken up to the Executive level to be signed by the president. Then it is sent to the president for his or her approval if he or she signs it right away it becomes a set policy but he or she has ten days to take action if he or she does nothing while the congress is in session then it becomes a set policy without signing it. Leirman, T. Tometz, A. (1998) Medicaid Implementation Stage This is the stage where the policy is then acted up on and put into place and set for all to follow and start using and upholding as part of the companies laws so to speak. It is like starting to put the policy into play and abide by what it stands for. It is like working a t a factory and there are many jobs on an assembly line and there are new jobs added to the line there is a trial and errir period that goes along with the implementation stage to weed out and fix any issues that may occur before the policy or job is put into place on a full time basis. Congress also jas to mandate and evaluate the effectiveness of the new policy as well to make sure that it will work like the projections and plans set it up to work. For example the implementation of what is called SCHIP on the state of Illinois where I am from, when they put this program into play not just in Illinois but five other states have reported that they have also developed new programs or also improved existing policies that improves the availability, affordability, and the quality of health care that is delivered. Since then as well there have been many other changes since the implementation of this program this also either directly or indirectly also effects the availability and affordability of health care for the future for the good not that bad which is always a good thing. Background for the Report to Congress (March 2003) In conclusion policies are always and constantly being looked at considered and reviewed to be able to improve the quality of our health care on a daily basis. Also to improve the quality of the American Health Care System, because each policy that is introduced and considered has the potential and may have an adverse effect to each one of us on a daily type basis, so when a policy is considered and brought to the table we all have to make sure that it is reviewed very carefully to ensure that its benefits out weight its drawbacks that it may have, it also has to ensure that it is being considered too that new policies will always help the population as a whole and not just for certain individuals. It is very important to have a complete understanding of how the process of a topic eventually does become a policy and how the policy is to be played out and used to its full potential in order for it not to fail.

What is Astaghfirullah - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 744 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/10/10 Category Religion Essay Tags: Islam Essay Did you like this example? Astaghfirullah is actually the action of looking for mercy coming from Allah. This is actually performed through repeating the Arabic terms astaghfirullah, indicating I seek forgiveness from Allah . The Prophet Muhammed was actually masoum (innocent) and also the absolute most righteous individual living however he utilized to talk to Allah for mercy greater than seventy opportunities a time (Sahih Bukhari Volume 8, Book 75, Number 39). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is Astaghfirullah" essay for you Create order At times our company create oversights our company are actually certainly not also familiar with and also at various other attend attempting our absolute best to aid, our company induce some type of damage( s). For instance: a medical professional in giving a remedy for a condition might result in some trouble alongside the remedy including in surgical procedure or even offering a medicine that might possess damaging results. In every these scenarios and also even more, it is actually great to look to Allah for mercy. The 5th Kalima Astaghfar offers lovely phrases along with which to find mercy. They are actually as observe: I look for mercy coming from Allah, my Lord, coming from every wrong I dedicated intentionally or even unwittingly, privately or even freely, and also I transform in the direction of Him coming from the wrong that I recognize and also coming from the wrong that I perform certainly not recognize. Absolutely You, You (are actually) the knower of the covert factors as well as the Concealer (of) the errors as well as the Forgiver (of) the wrongs. As well as (there is actually) no energy as well as no durability other than coming from Allah, one of the most High, the best Great. In Tafseer Al-Qurtubi (18/301 -302) it mentions Ask mercy coming from your Lord, indeed, He is actually Oft Forgiving; He is going to deliver storm to you in great quantity. And also offer you raise in wide range as well as youngsters, as well as present on you backyards as well as give on you streams. Depending on to a narrative concerning Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal and also the Baker, Astaghfirullah is actually advantageous for possessing each one of ones duas (aves brought in to God) become a reality. The voice-over is actually as adheres to: Imam Ahmed, might God be actually satisfied along with him, the moment was actually taking a trip as well as needed to have to remain someplace through the night. When he headed to the mosque, the protector (certainly not realizing Imam Ahmed) refused him entryway. Imam Ahmed made an effort several opportunities, however the shield carried out decline his asks for. Upset, Imam Ahmed solved to devote the evening in the mosque backyard. The shield came to be enraged and also grabbed him away, in spite of the seniority as well as imperfection of Imam Ahmed. A cook, whose store neighbored, saw this arena as well as pitied Imam Ahmed. He welcomed the Imam to remain with him for the evening. While certainly there, Imam Ahmed discovered that the cook consistently brought in istighfaar (requesting for Allahs mercy) while operating, and also in the early morning, the Imam impatiently inquired his bunch regarding the latters constant seeking of mercy. The cook mentioned it had actually ended up being like force of habit, and also Imam Ahmed after that talked to whether the male had actually experienced any kind of perks coming from this process. The cook responded to, Through Allah! No duaa (rogation to God) I created other than that it was actually addressed yet one. And what is actually that duaa? talked to Imam Ahmed. To be actually capable to view the popular Imam Ahmed ibn Hanbal! Imam Ahmed inserted, I am actually Ahmed ibn Hanbal! He at that point happened to include: Through Allah! I was actually pulled to your spot to make sure that you may possess your duaa/wish come to life. Thereby, consistent quoting of astaghfirullah possesses many advantages. Additionally talking to Allah for mercy is actually really satisfying to him, it claims in the sahih Bukhari (Volume 8, Book 75, Number 321) reported through Anas container Malik Allahs Apostle mentioned,Allah is actually much more happy along with the penitence of His servant than any person of you is actually satisfied along with locating his beige which he had actually shed in the desert. Therefore, allows feel free to Allah (s.w.t) as well as profit of inquiring Allah for mercy through creating it a practice to quote Astaghfirullah as frequently as achievable.

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The Brain Is Wider Than The Sky - 1416 Words

â€Å"The brain is wider than the sky.† (Dickinson, 1830-1886) Emily Dickinson, in one of her many infamous writings stated â€Å"The brain- is wider than the sky† (Dickinson Dickinson left her mark on composition long before the discovery of the expansive capabilities of the mind, but she was being more intuitive than she even thought in this quote. She is discussing the abstract ability of the human mind- the ability to imagine. Her thought, however, is also congruent to the fact that the human brain works in such a strange pattern of chemicals, and our thought process in itself is a very intricate thing. Depression is a seemingly complex state of mind that we as a people are trying to understand right now, and its roots could go deeper than we†¦show more content†¦There is no doubt that romance causes a person to feel good, this is no different for a depressed individual. In fact, romance is beneficial for the mental health of those who are depressed. In a study called Predicting Improvement in Depression Across Therapies Usin g Indicators of Romantic Relationship Functioning: A Preliminary Investigation done by Woods, Priest, and Denton, the three look a some main relationship processes and how they affect the treatment of depression. They look closely at initiator tendency, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and marital satisfaction. First, one should define initiator tendency. It is a â€Å"â€Å"proclivity to initiate (or avoid initiating) discussions of relationship problems with one’s partner in intimate relationships† (Woods, S. B., Priest, J. B., Denton, W. H., 2015); meaning, the inclination a person has to talk to their romantic partner about any serious issues they have. Attachment anxiety is straightforwardly enough defined as the fear someone has of stepping outside their comfort zone. Next, attachment avoidance is the opposite, where one is not emotionally invested where a non-depressed person would be. Lastly, marital satisfaction is as it says, how happy someone is w ithin their marriage. In the findings of this study, these researchers discovered that while there were plenty of connections between attachment styles and depression, initiator tendency was a critical romantic relationship factor for depressionShow MoreRelatedCharles Bukowski s Poem, A Genius, And Power Of The Human Mind1513 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the human brain and disrespects the good that comes from it, yet does not hold back on describing its power. He uses dark, extreme examples to describe hidden truths in today s society. In Emily Dickinson’s poem, â€Å"[The Brain—is wider than the Sky—],† she talks about the power of the human brain, complimenting and respecting it to things thought to be incomparable. 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Walt Whitman successfully creates a poem that incorporates

Basic Requirement for Writing an Abstract †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Basic Requirement For Writing An Abstract? Answer: Introduction The articles highlight the study background by linking lack of physical activity as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and its impact on the economy. The author has clearly stated the gap in knowledge that exist, consequently, justifying the purpose and the rationale of the study. For example, according to (Rastogi et al., 2004), there is no study in India that has determined the association between physical inactivity, and the risk of developing coronary heart disease, the lack of research on the subject, therefore, justifies the need to conduct research to provide more information on the subject matter. Moreover, the statement of the problem has been clearly stated in the in the introduction part of the article. For example, in order to identify research problem the author has cited an article that emphasizes that physical inactivity is associated with 1.5 to 2.4 folds increase in CHD risk (Rostagi et al., 2004) A study conducted by Soares et al. (2015) is another good exampl e of journal article citing association between physical activity and coronary heart disease. This information transition well into the purpose of the research. At the same time, there are issues of concern that can be raised by the reader of the article. For example, the author doesnt clearly state the research questions or hypothesis in the introduction part of the article, hence there is a lack of emphasis on the study aims. A studies conducted by (Anderson et al., 2016; Shiroma et al., 2010; Hashibe et al., 2009), are good examples where the research questions have been stated at the end of the introduction part in order to highlight the study aims. In the introduction part the researchers have reviewed different literature with a view of describing both the exposure and the outcome. Furthermore, the information has help the reader understand the subject of interest. The literature used in this journal have helped in highlighting the knowledge gap that exists within the subject area. For example, according to (Rostagi et al., 2004), the researchers have not assessed the association between sedentary life style and risk of coronary heart disease within India. Therefore, the literature justifies the Description of Evidence Exposure The exposure in this study was sedentary life or physical inactivity, it was measured using validated questionnaire. Outcome The risk of developing coronary heart disease as an outcome was associated physical inactivity, the findings from this study revealed that people involved in taking part in walking for 36 minutes every day were having 50% less risk of developing coronary heart disease as compared to non-exercisers as suggested by Rostagi et al. (2004). At the same time, the result from this study revealed that there was an association between increased sedentary life and risk of developing coronary heart disease. For example, the study revealed that spending 3.6 hours in a day on sedentary life related activities was connected to increased risk of developing coronary heart disease by almost 90% (Rostagi et al., 2004). Study Design A case-control study design was used to collect data from acute myocardial infarction in patients. The study participants who were recruited as cases and control Cases were followed up for one year during the period of January 1999 to 2000. There is a good move by the author to improve the internal validity of the study by matching control and cases using age, gender and neighborhood to eliminate the confounding factors. As suggested by (Bowling, 2014; Kepes et al., 2014; Zaccai, 2004), confounding is a type of bias that causes falsehood assessed effect of the exposure on the outcome, and in the case-control studies, it can be controlled through matching. Therefore, the argument justifies the use of matching as suggested by (Rastogi et al., 2004) to use matching to validate the result of this study. At the same time, the use of case-controls design for this study was rightful move, this is because coronary heart disease is rare, and therefore, it required large sample size and a long time to make the follow-up in order to discover newly developed cases to test the hypothesis. Moreover, the design allowed for analysis of multivariate which also helped in eliminating the confounding bias leading to the improved validity of the study findings. The study design used allowed the use of multiple exposures that could allow the testing of new hypothesis. The use of case-control design allowed the author to measure the association between the physical inactivity and coronary heart disease as an outcome by calculating the odd ratio. However, there are certain fundamental issues that can be raised by a reader of this article. For example, using case-control study design the researchers cannot assess the scale of other diseases that would result from physical inactivity as specific exposure. Another issue that might be raised by the reader concerning the use of case-control study is due to the fact that there are possibilities of recall bias. I would have suggested the use of cohort study despite some of its shortcomings. The argument of using cohort study design when assessing the association between physical activity and coronary heart disease has been supported by researchers. For example, according to (Shiroma et al., 2010), the use of prospective cohort study design is highly recommended when conducting a study to determine an association between physical activity and the occurrence coronary heart disease because the design limits the recall bias of physical activity. A studies conducted by (Li and Siegrist., 2012; Rognmo et al., 2012; Stott et al., 2012; Sofi et al., 2008) is a perfect example of a study that supports the above argument. The risk of association between the exposure and the outcome cannot be measured, whereas this can be achieved when a cohort study is done. For example, a studies conducted by (Soares et al., 2015; Mons et al., 2014; Sattelmair et al., 201; Chow et al., 2010), established the increased risk of adverse outcome in physically inactive coronary heart disease patients. Lastly, a variety of other healthcare problems resulting from the exposure (physical inactivity) cannot be determined because the case has to be defined before the commencement of the study. Study Population; The cases recruited in the study were inpatients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction and aged 21-74 years. It is worth noting that the researchers involved in this study used the restriction of age to limit the confounding factors. According to (Boccia et al., 2007), the use of restriction is an effective way to prevent confounding in any study. At the same time, matching of control to cases by age, gender and hospital were a good move by the author because it also helped in limiting the confounding factors leading to study validation. Matching is another way of controlling the confounding as suggested by Boccia et al. (2007). However, there are drawbacks that the reader can realize from matching of the participants, for example, when several confounders are matched it can be difficult to recruit the study participants, it might be difficult to realize the effects of the matched variable, and lastly there can be an introduction of confounding if the variables that have a stron g correlation with the exposure. The author clearly indicated how the cases were recruited into the study, according to (Rastogi et al., 2004), the cases were recruited using Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) study criteria. Besides, the author has precisely defined the case, and the inclusion and exclusion criteria of recruitment of the study participants have also been mentioned this makes it easy for the study to be reproduced besides reducing bias in the study. For example, in this study, the researchers excluded the individuals with the previous history of acute myocardial infarction from the study. This was well-thought move as family history is a risk factor for the development of acute myocardial infarction, from the table 2 family history has relative risk of 1.9. Therefore, it can cause confounding if such cases were not eliminated from the study. Patients recruited as the controls, in the study were selected from the hospital settings and the same exclusion criter ia used for the cases was applied. To prevent selection bias it is recommended that the individuals recruited as the control be selected from the population where cases have been recruited from. Therefore, with regards to this study the controls were recruited from the hospital on the basis of the inclusion criteria used to recruit cases, besides controls were also recruited from the same hospital settings as the cases. This was done to reduce the chance of selection bias in the study. According to (Boccia et al., 2007), selection bias comes as result of the difference in the relationship between the study participants and those who theoretically could have participated in the study and this include those who were not recruited into the study, and it is related to recruitment of the study cases and control. Main findings and Discussion The researchers of this article begin results presentation by linking back the research findings to the general aim of the study which was to determine the association of physical inactivity and increased possibility of developing CHD (Rastogi et al., 2004). The result of multivariate analysis revealed that participating in 36 minutes of walking every day has the potential of reducing risk of developing CHD by 55% matched to individuals who do not practice the brisk walking every day, with the reported relative risk of 0.45. The bar graph (Figure 1) was used by the study researcher to represent the results of different levels of leisure time exercise. The results revealed that for non-exercisers the relative risk was 1% ,for participants who exercised between 0-145 met-minutes/day the relative risk was 0.96% and for individuals who practiced 145 met-minutes/day the relative risk was 0.44%. The authors used a very simple and clear method of result presentation making it easy for inter pretation and inferential statistics. The other major finding reported by the researchers was an association between sedentary lifestyle and increased possibility of developing CHD. According to (Rastogi et al., 2004), spending 3.6 hours in a day on sedentary lifestyle was associated with 90% increase in the risk of developing CHD. The results of this study revealed that the time spent on working each day was linked to the risk of developing CHD but it was not significant this are reflected in (Table 3B), according to (Rastogi et al., 2004), the results revealed that persons working a median of ten hours every day recorded an relative risk of 1.9%. The validity of the results from this study can be obtained by focusing on the effects of chance, bias, and confounding. According to (Zaccai, 2004), validity is referred as the degree to which statistical inference drawn from research is warranted when an account is taken of the study methodology, how the sample recruited from the general population is a true representative and the general nature of the population from which the sample is drawn. Internal validity main focus is the elimination of systemic errors in the study, while the external validity focuses on extent to which the result of the study provides the foundation for making statistical inferences. It is not possible to completely rule out chance, in this study the authors reported findings that were statistically significant having the p-value with accepted values below the quoted hypothesis p= 0.05. For example, the result of multivariate analysis revealed that participating in 36 minutes of brisk walking per day has t he potential of reducing the risk of suffering CHD by 55% in comparison to individuals who do not practice the brisk walking every day, with the reported relative risk of 0.45 and the reported P= 0.0001. Therefore, to eliminate non-causal association observed in from the study findings between exposure and outcome the authors controlled the covariates that included age, sex, hospital and performed multivariate analysis. This was part of internal validity by the researchers. At the same time, the researcher carried out the internal validity by eliminating the selection bias. For example, in this study to address the issue emanating from the selection bias the patients used as controls were recruited from the same hospitals where the cases were recruited. To improve internal validity the researcher eliminated confounding factors. First, the patients used as the control in the study were recruited by matching their age, gender and those of the cases. At the same time, the eligible cases were patients aged 21-74 years, this is a form of restriction that was applied by the researchers to eliminate the confounding factors. It is worth noting that despite the efforts by the researchers of this study both internally and externally improve the study validity, it clear to the reader that there were some weakness in the study. For example, there could be other sources of bias in the study that were not addressed by the authors such as measurement biases. It is clear to me that more than one research assistant was involved in obtaining anthropometric measurement, hence its possible to have errors at the same time the researchers didnt provide information regarding the validation of data collection tools such as scales, height boards and specifi cally questionnaire used for the anthropometric measurements. Moreover, the other source of bias to this study could be attributed to Berksons bias, this is because controls were selected from the hospital where the cases were admitted rather than the general population where the cases originated from. According to (Boccia et al., 2007), Berksons bias applies to case-control studies conducted in the hospital setting, because there are different rates of hospital admission for cases and controls. The other possible source of bias for this study is due to differential misclassification recall bias due to difference in accuracy and completeness of the exposure information between the cases and control patients. For example, individuals with coronary heart disease will tend to have more information on the risk factors associated with the disease and the exposure status as compared to control who are less interested in the disease and the exposure. According to (Boccia et al., 2007), dif ferential misclassification is bias that occurs mostly in case-control studies and it is shown when there is difference in accuracy and completeness of exposure information between the cases and control. Non-differential misclassification due to recall bias could also invalidate this study. This is possible during the data collection processes where cases and control could not accurately remember the levels of physical activities they have conducted, leading to inaccurate classification into levels of exercise impacting on reduction in the difference in the exposure levels in both cases and control in the same manner. A strong association in this study was established by the result of multivariate analysis that revealed that participating in 36 minutes of brisk walking per day has the potential of reducing risk of developing coronary heart disease by 55% compared to individuals who do not practice the brisk walking every day. The findings from this research are consistent with other reported results. For example, the result of the multivariate analysis revealed that participating in 36 minutes of brisk walking per day has the potential of reducing the risk of developing CHD by 55% matched to individuals who do not practice the brisk walking every day, with the reported relative risk of 0.45. This findings are supported by a cohort studies conducted by (Heran et al., 2011; Meisinger et al., 2007), the results from this study revealed that high level participation in physical activity was associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. There is a dose-response relationship in this study because the relative risk of myocardial infarction has linear decrease with the increase in the level of leisure-time physical exercise. References Anderson, L., Oldridge, N., Thompson, D. R., Zwisler, A. D., Rees, K., Martin, N., Taylor, R. S. (2016). 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